Perception of the Food and Nutrition Surveillance System in the Zona da Mata Mineira region of Brazil: A qualitative approach.

This work is a qualitative exploratory survey that aims to identify healthcare workers and skilled professionals' perceptions of the Food and Nutrition Surveillance System in the Zona da Mata Mineira region of Brazil. Data analysis was carried out through content analysis; testimonials were extracted from semi-structured interviews via the qualitative data processing software Interface de R pour lês Analyses Multidimensionnelles de Textes et de Questionnaires version 0.7 alpha 2. A total of 41 people were interviewed, including primary healthcare center coordinators, and technical consultants at the Food and Nutrition Surveillance System, as well as nutritionists and data entry clerks. The issues most mentioned during interviews were related to lack of anthropometric equipment, absence of transportation, and inadequate facilities. Regarding the work process, professionals identified scarce training and nonuse of the data collected for healthcare decision-making as factors that compromise desired system outcomes. System qualities were also recognized, especially the mapping of main nutritional issues in the region. The participants reported the need for greater efforts to raise awareness of the importance of Food and Nutrition Surveillance actions at all levels of the public healthcare system. They also highlighted the need for human resources training, higher quality data recording, and suitable facilities. Investments in the entire system are essential to strengthen the information-decision-making-action triad, which would result in the improvement of users' health indicators.

Computing and Oral Health: Mobile Solution for Collecting, Data Analysis, Managing and Reproducing Epidemiological Research in Population Groups.

Epidemiological inquiries study and evaluate the health status of the population. For dental caries, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends the DMFT and DMFS indexes, which represent the sum of the decayed, missing and filled teeth, divided by the population studied. Traditionally these surveys are conducted using cellulose paper sheet. This study describes the development and presents the field performance of NutriOdonto, a software created for an Oral Health Survey carried out in 2018 and 2019 involving 2578 students from the municipal schools of Palmas/TO, located in the Brazilian Amazon region. This is a descriptive, applied research on the development of a software for the collecting, analysis, management and reproducibility of oral health epidemiological research. A software applied to the collecting, analysis and formation of the database was developed through the information obtained from the questionnaires applied to the participants of the study and the completion of the electronic oral examination form. Recent Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) are intelligently configured to create models and mobile applications (Apps) that can be useful to manage health issues, thus broadening the perspective of service provision in this sector. Some of these mobile devices, tablets and smartphones are being developed to generate information, for collection, recording, storage and analysis of oral health epidemiological research data. NutriOdonto contributed to the rapid collection, recording and storage of information, in the construction of the database and its analysis. Replacing paper forms with electronic forms minimized possible typos, reduced the use of cellulose paper and the financial costs, among other things. This software can contribute to decision making by managers and professionals and to improving the planning and implementation of actions in health promotion and oral disease prevention.

Endemic Disease Control Agents' perception on the fight against Aedes aegypti and the prevention of arbovirus infections in Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Arboviruses pose a serious and constant threat to public health, and have demanded surveillance efforts worldwide. The prevention of arbovirus transmission depends on effective measures to control vectors and promote health. The objective of this study was to examine the factors that enhance and impair the endemic disease control agents' field work, based on their own perspective. METHODOLOGY AND MAIN FINDINGS: In 2017, 65 ACE of seven municipalities participated in a series of seven focus groups in the Zona de Mata mesoregion (Minas Gerais, Brazil). The focus groups were organized aiming to broaden and deepen the discussion and analysis of ACE perception of their performance in relation to attributions, work processes, training, continuous education, and evaluation. All the workers, irrespective of municipality, recognize their role in disease prevention and health promotion, however they suffer from a reductionist stigma associated with their profession. Also, internal and external factors such as infrastructure, resources, administrative management, and the work process affect the quality of service delivered and job satisfaction. Practice challenges include incompatible demands such as refusal by residents and high sense of insecurity related to violence. The respondents reported that success of their activities depend on the population. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: The recurrence of epidemics demands effective vector control policies. Therefore, the performance of these professionals as regards surveillance needs to be reassessed. Public awareness and acknowledgement of the role of ACE in the identification of risk and health protection factors are indispensable for the improvement of this workforce.

Efect of vitamin A suplementation: a systematic review.

To evaluate the effect of vitamin A supplementation in postpartum infants and women on serum retinol levels and breast milk. The databases Medline, PubMed, Lilacs and SciELO were consulted. The descriptors used were vitamin A, dietary supplement, child, postpartum period, infant and nutrition programs policies. Search found 7432 articles. After elimination of duplicity and application of eligibility criteria, 8 studies remained. All evaluated the effect of vitamin A supplementation on immediate postpartum, five studies used retinyl palmitate supplementation, one with retinyl palmitate and two did not specify the form of supplementation. Six studies evaluated colostrum and two included supplementation of children. It was found that supplementation in the puerperium increases the concentrations of serum retinol and breast milk, however, this result was in the short term and was relevant when the previous concentrations of the mother were low. When maternal serum concentrations are adequate, the retinol content in milk does not change, with little relevance for children. Further studies should be performed to evaluate the effect of megadoses supplementation on serum concentrations of children.

Efect of vitamin A suplementation: a systematic review / Efeito da suplementação de vitamina A: uma revisão sistemática

Abstract To evaluate the effect of vitamin A supplementation in postpartum infants and women on serum retinol levels and breast milk. The databases Medline, PubMed, Lilacs and SciELO were consulted. The descriptors used were vitamin A, dietary supplement, child, postpartum period, infant and nutrition programs policies. Search found 7432 articles. After elimination of duplicity and application of eligibility criteria, 8 studies remained. All evaluated the effect of vitamin A supplementation on immediate postpartum, five studies used retinyl palmitate supplementation, one with retinyl palmitate and two did not specify the form of supplementation. Six studies evaluated colostrum and two included supplementation of children. It was found that supplementation in the puerperium increases the concentrations of serum retinol and breast milk, however, this result was in the short term and was relevant when the previous concentrations of the mother were low. When maternal serum concentrations are adequate, the retinol content in milk does not change, with little relevance for children. Further studies should be performed to evaluate the effect of megadoses supplementation on serum concentrations of children.

Resumo Avaliar o efeito da suplementação de vitamina A, em lactentes e mulheres no pós-parto, nos níveis de retinol sérico e no leite materno. Foram consultadas as bases de dados Medline, PubMed, Lilacs e SciELO. Os descritores utilizados foram: vitamin A, dietary supplement, child, postpartum period, infant e nutrition programs policies. A busca identificou 7432 artigos. Após eliminação da duplicidade e aplicação dos critérios de elegibilidade permaneceram 8 estudos. Todos avaliaram o efeito da suplementação de vitamina A no pós parto imediato, cinco estudos utilizaram a suplementação com retinil palmitato, um com palmitato de retinila e dois não especificaram a forma de suplementação. Seis estudos avaliaram o colostro e dois incluíram a suplementação de crianças. Encontrou-se que a suplementação no puerpério aumenta as concentrações de retinol sérico e do leite materno, no entanto, este resultado foi a curto prazo e foi relevante quando as concentrações prévias da mãe eram baixas. Quando as concentrações séricas maternas encontram-se adequadas, pouco se altera o teor de retinol no leite, tendo pouco relevância para as crianças. Mais estudos devem ser realizados para avaliar o efeito da suplementação com megadoses nas concentrações séricas de crianças.

[Process of Accreditation of Health Promoting Schools worldwide: A Systematic Review]. / Processo de Acreditação das Escolas Promotoras de Saúde em âmbito mundial: revisão sistemática.

The scope of this article is to analyze the accreditation criteria of the studies that evaluated actions of health promotion and risk factor prevention of Health Promoting Schools (HPS). A systematic review was conducted based on the recommendations proposed in the "Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (Prisma)" protocol of articles that assessed HPS in the following databases: SciELO, Lilacs, Medline, PubMed and Portal Capes. From the analysis of the three pillars for accreditation of HPS, three of the studies analyzed did not include all the criteria for certification as HPS on the "Planning Process" and "Health Promotion Activities Developed" pillars. The schools cited in these studies perform health education, prevention and/or health promotion activities, however, it is misleading to refer to themselves as HPS. The main challenges for implementation, development and continuity of HPS were identified as being intersectionality and insufficient financial and qualified human resources. HPS need to be certified and submitted to an ongoing evaluation process. It is also suggested the topic of health promotion be included in the syllabuses of training courses of health education teachers and other health education professionals.

O objetivo deste artigo é analisar os critérios de acreditação dos estudos que avaliaram as ações de promoção da saúde e prevenção de fatores de risco das Escolas Promotoras de Saúde (EPSs). Realizou-se uma revisão sistemática conduzida a partir das recomendações propostas no guia Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviewsand Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) dos artigos que avaliaram as EPSs nas bases de dados: SciELO, Lilacs, Medline, PubMed e Portal Capes. A partir da análise dos três eixos para acreditação das EPS, três dos estudos analisados não contemplaram todos os critérios para serem certificadas como EPS nos eixos "Processo de Planejamento" e "Atividades de Promoção de Saúde desenvolvidas". As escolas citadas nestes estudos apresentam atividades de educação em saúde, prevenção e/ou promoção da saúde, no entanto, é equivocado se autodenominarem EPS. Identificou-se como principais desafios enfrentados para a implantação, o desenvolvimento e a continuidade das EPS, a intersetorialidade e a insuficiência de recursos financeiros e humanos capacitados. As EPSs precisam ser certificadas e submetidas a um processo avaliativo contínuo. Sugere-se ainda a inclusão do tema promoção de saúde nos currículos dos cursos de formação dos professores e outros profissionais da educação e da saúde.

Processo de Acreditação das Escolas Promotoras de Saúde em âmbito mundial: revisão sistemática / Process of Accreditation of Health Promoting Schools worldwide: A Systematic Review

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é analisar os critérios de acreditação dos estudos que avaliaram as ações de promoção da saúde e prevenção de fatores de risco das Escolas Promotoras de Saúde (EPSs). Realizou-se uma revisão sistemática conduzida a partir das recomendações propostas no guia Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviewsand Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) dos artigos que avaliaram as EPSs nas bases de dados: SciELO, Lilacs, Medline, PubMed e Portal Capes. A partir da análise dos três eixos para acreditação das EPS, três dos estudos analisados não contemplaram todos os critérios para serem certificadas como EPS nos eixos "Processo de Planejamento" e "Atividades de Promoção de Saúde desenvolvidas". As escolas citadas nestes estudos apresentam atividades de educação em saúde, prevenção e/ou promoção da saúde, no entanto, é equivocado se autodenominarem EPS. Identificou-se como principais desafios enfrentados para a implantação, o desenvolvimento e a continuidade das EPS, a intersetorialidade e a insuficiência de recursos financeiros e humanos capacitados. As EPSs precisam ser certificadas e submetidas a um processo avaliativo contínuo. Sugere-se ainda a inclusão do tema promoção de saúde nos currículos dos cursos de formação dos professores e outros profissionais da educação e da saúde.

Abstract The scope of this article is to analyze the accreditation criteria of the studies that evaluated actions of health promotion and risk factor prevention of Health Promoting Schools (HPS). A systematic review was conducted based on the recommendations proposed in the "Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (Prisma)" protocol of articles that assessed HPS in the following databases: SciELO, Lilacs, Medline, PubMed and Portal Capes. From the analysis of the three pillars for accreditation of HPS, three of the studies analyzed did not include all the criteria for certification as HPS on the "Planning Process" and "Health Promotion Activities Developed" pillars. The schools cited in these studies perform health education, prevention and/or health promotion activities, however, it is misleading to refer to themselves as HPS. The main challenges for implementation, development and continuity of HPS were identified as being intersectionality and insufficient financial and qualified human resources. HPS need to be certified and submitted to an ongoing evaluation process. It is also suggested the topic of health promotion be included in the syllabuses of training courses of health education teachers and other health education professionals.

Collective portfolio: assessment of teaching and learning in health undergraduate courses.

The potential of the reflective collective portfolio as a method of teaching, learning and assessment needs to be emphasized. The objectives is to assess and validate the quality of the collective portfolio as a method of teaching, learning and assessment in the training of health professional. Portfolio quality was analyzed using an inventory of analysis that was adapted and tested for this study. In total, 70 portfolios were analyzed. The Kappa test was used to analyze reproducibility, confirming the level of agreement between the appraisers. Descriptive analysis and the t-test were performed to compare results from the years the portfolios were produced. The constructs (layout and organization, comprehensive, reflective, critical and creative thought) exhibited Cronbach alpha values above 0.7, confirming the high reliability of the tool. The weighted Kappa test revealed an elevated and significant agreement (+90%) between the appraisers. Notably, certain items and constructs exhibited significant differences over the years. All of the constructs were assessed better from 2011 onwards, when the assessment and self-assessment tool was implemented. The success of the portfolio depends on strategies that provide students with greater clarity and forms of developing the method.

Analysis of the national school feeding program in the municipality of Viçosa, state of Minas Gerais.

OBJECTIVE To analyze the implementation of the Brazilian National School Feeding Program as a food and nutritional security policy in public schools. METHODS This a cross-sectional study, with a quantitative and qualitative approach, carried out with 268 schoolchildren aged eight to nine years from the public school system of Viçosa, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, in 2015. Interviews were carried out using semi-structured questionnaires with the children, parents, cooks, nutritionists, trainer of the Technical Assistance and Rural Extension Company, and president of the School Feeding Council. In order to analyze the implementation of the National School Feeding Program in Viçosa, we evaluated the direct weighing of the food served in the schools using mechanical balances with a capacity of up to 10 kg and the perception of the social players involved in the implementation of the National School Feeding Program. The children were questioned about the acceptance of and adherence to the food offered, in addition to the habit of bringing food from home. Parents reported knowledge about the School Feeding Program and Council. The qualitative analysis consisted of content analysis and quantitative analysis using the chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, and Mann-Whitney test. We adopted the statistical significance of 5% for quantitative analysis. RESULTS Children reported low adherence to the school feeding program and most of them used to bring food from home. Irregularities were identified in the implementation of the National School Feeding Program, such as: inadequate number of nutritionists, suspension of Council meetings, inadequate infrastructure in the areas of preparation and distribution of meals, lack of training of cooks, lack of nutritional adequacy of the food offered, and lack of actions on food and nutritional education. The Program complied with the recommendations for purchasing food from family farms. CONCLUSIONS The National School Feeding Program presented many irregularities in Viçosa. It is important to monitor the problems identified for better reformulation and planning of the Program, in order to guarantee the food and nutritional security of the children served.

Analysis of the national school feeding program in the municipality of Viçosa, state of Minas Gerais / Análise do programa nacional de alimentação escolar no município de Viçosa, MG, Brasil

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To analyze the implementation of the Brazilian National School Feeding Program as a food and nutritional security policy in public schools. METHODS This a cross-sectional study, with a quantitative and qualitative approach, carried out with 268 schoolchildren aged eight to nine years from the public school system of Viçosa, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, in 2015. Interviews were carried out using semi-structured questionnaires with the children, parents, cooks, nutritionists, trainer of the Technical Assistance and Rural Extension Company, and president of the School Feeding Council. In order to analyze the implementation of the National School Feeding Program in Viçosa, we evaluated the direct weighing of the food served in the schools using mechanical balances with a capacity of up to 10 kg and the perception of the social players involved in the implementation of the National School Feeding Program. The children were questioned about the acceptance of and adherence to the food offered, in addition to the habit of bringing food from home. Parents reported knowledge about the School Feeding Program and Council. The qualitative analysis consisted of content analysis and quantitative analysis using the chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, and Mann-Whitney test. We adopted the statistical significance of 5% for quantitative analysis. RESULTS Children reported low adherence to the school feeding program and most of them used to bring food from home. Irregularities were identified in the implementation of the National School Feeding Program, such as: inadequate number of nutritionists, suspension of Council meetings, inadequate infrastructure in the areas of preparation and distribution of meals, lack of training of cooks, lack of nutritional adequacy of the food offered, and lack of actions on food and nutritional education. The Program complied with the recommendations for purchasing food from family farms. CONCLUSIONS The National School Feeding Program presented many irregularities in Viçosa. It is important to monitor the problems identified for better reformulation and planning of the Program, in order to guarantee the food and nutritional security of the children served.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Analisar a execução do Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar como política de segurança alimentar e nutricional em escolas públicas. MÉTODOS Estudo transversal, com abordagem quantitativa e qualitativa, realizado com 268 escolares de oito a nove anos da rede pública de ensino em Viçosa, MG, em 2015. Foram realizadas entrevistas por meio de questionários semiestruturados com as crianças, os pais, merendeiras, nutricionistas, extensionista da Empresa de Assistência Técnica e Extensão Rural e presidente do Conselho de Alimentação Escolar. Para analisar a execução do Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar em Viçosa, foi avaliada a pesagem direta dos alimentos servidos nas escolas, utilizando-se balanças mecânicas com capacidade de até 10 kg, e a percepção dos atores sociais envolvidos na execução do Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar. As crianças foram questionadas sobre a aceitação e adesão da alimentação ofertada, além do hábito de levar lanches de casa. Os pais relataram o conhecimento sobre o Programa e o Conselho de Alimentação Escolar. A análise qualitativa foi constituída pela análise de conteúdo e a quantitativa pelo Teste do Qui-quadrado, Exato de Fisher e Mann-Whitney. Adotou-se significância estatística de 5% para a análise quantitativa. RESULTADOS As crianças relataram baixa adesão à alimentação escolar e a maior parte costumava levar lanche de casa. Foram identificadas irregularidades na execução do Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar, como: inadequação do número de nutricionistas, suspensão das reuniões do Conselho, inadequação da infraestrutura nas áreas de preparo e de distribuição das refeições, falta de capacitação das merendeiras, não adequação nutricional da alimentação ofertada e ausência de ações de educação alimentar e nutricional. O Programa atendeu as recomendações de compra dos alimentos provenientes da agricultura familiar. CONCLUSÕES O Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar apresentou muitas irregularidades em Viçosa. É importante o monitoramento dos problemas identificados para melhor reformulação e planejamento do Programa, visando à garantia da segurança alimentar e nutricional das crianças atendidas.

Collective portfolio: assessment of teaching and learning in health undergraduate courses / Portfolio coletivo: avaliação do ensino e apredizagem em cursos de graduação da saúde

Abstract The potential of the reflective collective portfolio as a method of teaching, learning and assessment needs to be emphasized. The objectives is to assess and validate the quality of the collective portfolio as a method of teaching, learning and assessment in the training of health professional. Portfolio quality was analyzed using an inventory of analysis that was adapted and tested for this study. In total, 70 portfolios were analyzed. The Kappa test was used to analyze reproducibility, confirming the level of agreement between the appraisers. Descriptive analysis and the t-test were performed to compare results from the years the portfolios were produced. The constructs (layout and organization, comprehensive, reflective, critical and creative thought) exhibited Cronbach alpha values above 0.7, confirming the high reliability of the tool. The weighted Kappa test revealed an elevated and significant agreement (+90%) between the appraisers. Notably, certain items and constructs exhibited significant differences over the years. All of the constructs were assessed better from 2011 onwards, when the assessment and self-assessment tool was implemented. The success of the portfolio depends on strategies that provide students with greater clarity and forms of developing the method.

Resumo O potencial do portfólio coletivo reflexivo como método de ensino, aprendizagem e avaliação precisa ser enfatizado. Os objetivos consistem em avaliar e validar a qualidade do portfólio coletivo como um método de ensino, aprendizagem e avaliação na formação de profissionais de saúde. A qualidade do portfólio foi analisada utilizando um inventário de análise que foi adaptado e testado para este estudo. No total, foram analisados 70 portfólios. O teste Kappa foi utilizado para analisar a reprodutibilidade, confirmando o nível de concordância entre os avaliadores. Análise descritiva e teste t foram realizados para comparar a construção do portfólio nos diferentes anos. Os construtos (layout e organização, compreensão, reflexão, crítica e pensamento criativo) apresentaram valores de alfa de Cronbach acima de 0,7, confirmando a alta confiabilidade da ferramenta. O teste Kappa ponderado revelou uma concordância elevada e significativa (+ 90%) entre os avaliadores. Notavelmente, certos itens e construtos apresentaram diferenças significativas ao longo dos anos. Todas as construções foram avaliadas melhor a partir de 2011, quando a ferramenta de avaliação e autoavaliação foi implementada. O sucesso do portfólio depende de estratégias que proporcionem aos alunos maior clareza e formas de desenvolver o método.

Evaluation of Health Surveillance in the Zona da Mata Mineira: from standards to practice. / Avaliação da Vigilância em Saúde na Zona da Mata Mineira, Brasil: das normas à prática.

Health Surveillance is of paramount importance when confronted with the current Brazilian epidemiological setting. This study aims to evaluate the level of Health Surveillance in the Zona da Mata Mineira region. This is an evaluative study, and data were collected in the first half of 2016. The research universe consisted of seven municipalities in the Zona da Mata Mineira complex. Municipalities were selected with reference to available operational epidemiological, environmental and sanitary surveillance. The subjects under analysis were the Surveillance coordinators (n = 21), Health Surveillance coordinators (n = 7) and Health secretaries (n = 7). We conducted interviews using a semi-structured and elaborated questionnaire based on the Donabedian triad: Structure, Process and Outcome. A score system was established in order to obtain the classification of performance, realm and sub-realms, in which a score was assigned for each criterion. We used incipient, intermediate or advanced cutoff points to classify the level of Health Surveillance of scores were below 5.99 points, between 6.0 and 7.99 points and between 8 and 10 points, respectively. The level of regional Health Surveillance performance level was classified as an intermediate.

Resumo A Vigilância em Saúde é de suma importância ao se defrontar com o atual cenário epidemiológico do Brasil. Objetiva-se avaliar o grau de atuação da Vigilância em Saúde da Zona da Mata Mineira. Trata-se de um estudo avaliativo. A coleta de dados ocorreu no primeiro semestre de 2016. O universo da pesquisa foi composto por sete municípios polo da Zona da Mata Mineira. Os municípios foram selecionados tendo como referência a presença e a atuação das vigilâncias: epidemiológica, ambiental e sanitária. Os sujeitos em análise foram os coordenadores das vigilâncias (n = 21), coordenadores de Vigilância em Saúde (n = 7) e secretários de saúde (n = 7). Foram realizadas entrevistas utilizando-se um questionário semiestruturado e elaborado baseado na tríade de Donabedian: Estrutura, Processo e Resultado. A fim de obter a classificação da atuação, da dimensão e subdimensões foi criado um sistema de escores, no qual se atribuiu pontuação para cada critério. Para classificação do grau de atuação da Vigilância em Saúde, os pontos de corte utilizados foram: incipiente, intermediário ou avançado, se obtiver até 5,99 pontos; entre 6,0 e 7,99 pontos e entre 8 e 10 pontos, respectivamente. O grau de atuação da Vigilância em Saúde em âmbito regional foi classificado como intermediário.

Avaliação da Vigilância em Saúde na Zona da Mata Mineira, Brasil: das normas à prática / Evaluation of Health Surveillance in the Zona da Mata Mineira: from standards to practice

Resumo A Vigilância em Saúde é de suma importância ao se defrontar com o atual cenário epidemiológico do Brasil. Objetiva-se avaliar o grau de atuação da Vigilância em Saúde da Zona da Mata Mineira. Trata-se de um estudo avaliativo. A coleta de dados ocorreu no primeiro semestre de 2016. O universo da pesquisa foi composto por sete municípios polo da Zona da Mata Mineira. Os municípios foram selecionados tendo como referência a presença e a atuação das vigilâncias: epidemiológica, ambiental e sanitária. Os sujeitos em análise foram os coordenadores das vigilâncias (n = 21), coordenadores de Vigilância em Saúde (n = 7) e secretários de saúde (n = 7). Foram realizadas entrevistas utilizando-se um questionário semiestruturado e elaborado baseado na tríade de Donabedian: Estrutura, Processo e Resultado. A fim de obter a classificação da atuação, da dimensão e subdimensões foi criado um sistema de escores, no qual se atribuiu pontuação para cada critério. Para classificação do grau de atuação da Vigilância em Saúde, os pontos de corte utilizados foram: incipiente, intermediário ou avançado, se obtiver até 5,99 pontos; entre 6,0 e 7,99 pontos e entre 8 e 10 pontos, respectivamente. O grau de atuação da Vigilância em Saúde em âmbito regional foi classificado como intermediário.

Abstract Health Surveillance is of paramount importance when confronted with the current Brazilian epidemiological setting. This study aims to evaluate the level of Health Surveillance in the Zona da Mata Mineira region. This is an evaluative study, and data were collected in the first half of 2016. The research universe consisted of seven municipalities in the Zona da Mata Mineira complex. Municipalities were selected with reference to available operational epidemiological, environmental and sanitary surveillance. The subjects under analysis were the Surveillance coordinators (n = 21), Health Surveillance coordinators (n = 7) and Health secretaries (n = 7). We conducted interviews using a semi-structured and elaborated questionnaire based on the Donabedian triad: Structure, Process and Outcome. A score system was established in order to obtain the classification of performance, realm and sub-realms, in which a score was assigned for each criterion. We used incipient, intermediate or advanced cutoff points to classify the level of Health Surveillance of scores were below 5.99 points, between 6.0 and 7.99 points and between 8 and 10 points, respectively. The level of regional Health Surveillance performance level was classified as an intermediate.

Performance of primary health care according to PCATool instrument: a systematic review. / Desempenho da Atenção Primária à Saúde segundo o instrumento PCATool: uma revisão sistemática.

This study aims to analyze studies that evaluated the performance of Primary Health Care (PHC) services by using the Primary Care Assessment Tool (PCATool) under a worldwide user perspective. This is a systematic review that implemented the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) model, from the following databases: Lilacs, Medline, SciELO, PubMed and the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES) Journals Website, using descriptors Primary Care Assessment Tool and PCATool. Considering inclusion and exclusion criteria, we analyzed 22 research papers published from 2007 to 2015. The best-evaluated attributes were cultural competence, first contact use and longitudinality. On the other hand, the worst evaluated were first contact accessibility, family orientation, community orientation and comprehensiveness. Most of the health services evaluated were from Brazil, applied to "traditional" primary care clinic (UBS) and the Health Family Strategy (FHS). Services evaluated should strengthen structure and process components to achieve a better performance in PHC.

Desempenho da Atenção Primária à Saúde segundo o instrumento PCATool: uma revisão sistemática / Performance of primary health care according to PCATool instrument: a systematic review

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar os estudos que avaliaram o desempenho dos serviços de Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) mediante uso do instrumento Primary Care Assessment Tool (PCATool) na perspectiva do usuário, em âmbito mundial. Estudo de revisão sistemática, seguindo o modelo Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA), a partir das seguintes bases: Lilacs, MedLine, SciElo, PubMed e Portal de Periódicos da Capes. Os descritores utilizados foram: Primary Care Assessment Tool e PCATool. Seguindo os critérios de inclusão e exclusão, analisaram-se 22 artigos, publicados entre os anos de 2007 a 2015 na literatura nacional e internacional. Os atributos mais bem avaliados foram competência cultural, acesso de primeiro contato subitem utilização e longitudinalidade. Enquanto os piores desempenhos encontrados foram acesso de primeiro contato, acesso de primeiro contato subitem acessibilidade, orientação familiar, orientação comunitária e integralidade. Grande parte dos serviços avaliados eram brasileiros, aplicados nas Unidades Básicas de Saúde e nas Estratégia de Saúde da Família; os serviços avaliados apresentaram necessidade de fortalecimento dos componentes da estrutura e processo para melhor desempenho da APS.

Abstract This study aims to analyze studies that evaluated the performance of Primary Health Care (PHC) services by using the Primary Care Assessment Tool (PCATool) under a worldwide user perspective. This is a systematic review that implemented the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) model, from the following databases: Lilacs, Medline, SciELO, PubMed and the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES) Journals Website, using descriptors Primary Care Assessment Tool and PCATool. Considering inclusion and exclusion criteria, we analyzed 22 research papers published from 2007 to 2015. The best-evaluated attributes were cultural competence, first contact use and longitudinality. On the other hand, the worst evaluated were first contact accessibility, family orientation, community orientation and comprehensiveness. Most of the health services evaluated were from Brazil, applied to “traditional” primary care clinic (UBS) and the Health Family Strategy (FHS). Services evaluated should strengthen structure and process components to achieve a better performance in PHC.

Instrumento de avaliação e autoavaliação do portfólio reflexivo: uma construção teórico-conceitual / Instrumento de evaluación y autoevaluación de la cartera reflexiva: una construcción teórico-concep / Assessment instruments and self-evaluation of reflective portfolios: a theoretical-conceptual construction

O portfólio reflexivo inscreve-se no contexto de uma avaliação formativa pautada no feedback e na interação. A fragilidade no processo de avaliação dos portfólios é consenso na literatura e entre especialistas e estudantes. Este estudo objetivou apresentar e analisar o Instrumento de avaliação e autoavaliação das competências a serem trabalhadas no portfólio reflexivo (IAVCP). A construção teórico-conceitual baseou-se na experiência de nove anos de uso dos autores e na discussão da literatura, resultando em um desenho testado e construído coletivamente entre docentes e estudantes. As competências delineadas no IAVCP – de comunicação, gestão da informação, sistêmicas, pessoais e de grupo – foram construídas com enfoque na educação universitária que integra atividades acadêmicas e profissionais. O processo de avaliação, por ser consensuado, propiciou o compromisso, a corresponsabilização e a transparência, produzidos pela identificação e pelo reconhecimento do instrumento como legítimo...

La cartera reflexiva se inscribe en el contexto de una evaluación formativa regida por el feedback y la interacción. La fragilidad en el proceso de evaluación de las carteras es consensos en la literatura y entre especialistas y estudiantes. El objetivo de este estudio fue presentar y analizar el instrumento de evaluación y auto-evaluación de las competencias por trabajar en la cartera reflexiva (IAVCP). La construcción teórico-conceptual se basó en la experiencia de nueve años de uso de los autores y en la discusión de la literatura, resultando en un diseño probado y construido colectivamente entre docentes y estudiantes. Las competencias delineadas en el IAVCP (de comunicación, gestión de la información, sistémicas, personales y de grupo) se construyeron con enfoque en la educación universitaria que integra actividades académicas y profesionales. El proceso de evaluación, por ser consensuado, propició el compromiso, la co-responsabilidad y la transparencia producidos por la identificación y el reconocimiento del instrumento como legítimo...

Reflective portfolios form part of the context of assessment of learning that is guided by feedback and interaction. There is a consensus in the literature and among specialists and students that the portfolio assessment process is weak. This study aimed to present and analyze an instrument for assessment and self-assessment of the skills to be used in reflective portfolios. The theoreticalconceptual construction was based on the authors’ nine years of experience of using reflective portfolios and on discussion of the literature. This led to a design that was tested and constructed collectively between teachers and students. The skills delineated in the instrument were communication and management of information, systems, people and groups, and were constructed focusing on university education that integrates academic and professional activities. Since the assessment process is consensual, it ensures commitment, accountability and transparency. These are produced through identifying and recognizing the instrument as legitimate...

Portfólios crítico-reflexivos: uma proposta pedagógica centrada nas competências cognitivas e metacognitivas / Critical and reflective portfolios: a pedagogical approach centered on cognitive and metacognitive skills / Portaforlios crítico-reflexivos: una propuesta pedagógica centrada en las competencias cognitivas y meta-cognitivas

Objetivo: avaliar o portfólio como método de ensino, aprendizagem e avaliação no âmbito da formação centrada em competências cognitivas e metacognitivas, almejando um aprendizado em que os estudantes atuem de maneira autônoma, responsável, crítica e criativa. Métodos: pesquisa qualitativa; a coleta de dados se deu por meio das técnicas de análise documental (26 portfólios) e grupo focal. As competências desenvolvidas pelos estudantes durante a elaboração dos portfólios foram classificadas com base nos processos cognitivos e metacognitivos. Resultados: a construção dos portfólios possibilitou o desenvolvimento dos pensamentos compreensivo, crítico e criativo nos estudantes, viabilizando um processo educativo dinâmico, crítico e reflexivo. Conclusões: o portfólio configurou-se como um método de ensino, aprendizagem e avaliação inovador e potencializador de competências cognitivas e metacognitivas.

Objective: to evaluate portfolios as a teaching, learning and assessment method within an educational process centered on cognitive and metacognitive skills, with the aim of enabling learning in which students act autonomously, responsibly, critically and creatively. Methods: it was a qualitative study. Data were gathered through the techniques of document analysis (26 portfolios) and a focus group. The skills developed by the students during portfolio construction were classified on the basis of cognitive and metacognitive processes. Results: portfolio construction enabled development of comprehensive, critical and creative thinking among students, through a dynamic, critical and reflective educational process. Conclusions: portfolios formed an innovative teaching, learning and assessment method that enhanced cognitive and metacognitive skills.

Objetivo: evaluar el portafolio como método de enseñanza, aprendizaje y evaluación en el ámbito de la formación centrada en competencias cognitivas y meta-cognitivas, anhelando un aprendizaje en el que los estudiantes actúen de manera autónoma, responsable, crítica y creativa. Métodos: investigación cualitativa; la colecta de datos se realizó por medio de las técnicas de análisis documental (26 portafolios) y grupo focal. Las competencias desarrolladas por los estudiantes durante la elaboración de los portafolios se clasificaron con base en los procesos cognitivos y meta-cognitivos. Resultados: la construcción de los portafolios posibilitó el desarrollo del pensamiento comprensivo, crítico y creativo en los estudiantes, viabilizando un proceso educativo dinámico, crítico y reflexivo. Conclusiones: el portafolio se configuró como un método de enseñanza, aprendizaje y evaluación, innovador y potencializador de competencias cognitivas y meta-cognitivas.

O aprender fazendo: representações sociais de estudantes da saúde sobre o portfólio reflexivo como método de ensino, aprendizagem e avaliação / El aprender haciendo: representaciones sociales de estudiantes de la salud del portafólio reflexivo como método de enseñanza, aprendizaje y evaluación / "Learning-by-doing": social representations of healthcare students regarding reflective portfolio as a teaching, learning and assessment method

No contexto atual de necessárias mudanças na formação dos profissionais de saúde, destaca-se o portfólio como método inovador na forma de ensinar, aprender e avaliar. O objetivo deste estudo é identificar as representações sociais dos estudantes no processo de construção do portfólio. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa utilizando a triangulação de técnicas: observação participante, entrevista e grupo focal. Participaram do estudo 114 estudantes de cursos da saúde. Ao se utilizar a Análise de Conteúdo, foram encontrados os seguintes núcleos de sentido do portfólio enquanto método de ensino e aprendizagem: facilidades na compreensão do conteúdo, autonomia, liberdade, postura crítico-reflexiva. Enquanto método de avaliação: o erro como oportunidade, a interação com o professor e o ambiente de avaliação diferenciado. Pontos de convergência e conflito também foram encontrados: tempo de realização das atividades, processo de reflexão e método inovador em um contexto de ensino tradicional...

En el actual contexto de cambios necesarios en la formación de profesionales de la salud , destaca el portafólio. Es objetivo de este estudio identificar las representaciones sociales de los estudiantes de la enseñanza, aprendizaje y evaluación proporcionada por el portafólio. Se ha utilizado la investigación cualitativa donde se utilizó las técnicas de triangulación: observación participante, entrevistas y grupos focales. Los participantes fueron 114 estudiantes universitarios de cursos de salud. Los datos fueron analizados a través del análisis de contenido. Los resultados apuntan los núcleos de sentido del portafólio como método de enseñanza y aprendizaje: facilidades para comprender el contenido , la autonomía, la libertad, la actitud crítica y reflexiva. Como método de evaluación: el error como oportunidade, la interación con el professor y el ambiente de evaluación diferenciado. También se encontraron puntos de convergencia y conflicto: tempo demandado para la ejecución de las actividades , el proceso de reflexión y el uso de un método innovador en el contexto de la enseñanza tradicional...

In the current context of the need for changes in the training of healthcare professionals, portfolios can be highlighted as an innovative method for teaching, learning and assessment. The aim of the present study was to identify the social representations of students in the process of constructing portfolios. This was a qualitative study that used a combination of the following techniques: participant observation, interviews and focus groups. In total, 114 students on healthcare courses participated. Through using content analysis, the following core meanings for portfolios as a teaching and learning method were found: easy-to-understand content; autonomy; liberty; and a critical-reflective stance. The following meanings were found for portfolios as an assessment method: error as an opportunity; interaction with the professor; and a differentiated assessment environment. Convergence and conflict points were also found: time taken to perform the activities; reflection process; and innovative method in the context of traditional teaching...

Portfólio reflexivo: uma proposta de ensino e aprendizagem orientada por competências / Reflective portfolio: a proposal for teaching and learning geared on competencies

O objetivo deste artigo é analisar a experiência de construção coletiva de portfólios como método de ensino-aprendizagem na disciplina de Políticas de Saúde, identificando as competências desenvolvidas pelos estudantes. Pesquisa qualitativa, cuja coleta e tratamento dos dados se deram por meio da análise documental (34 portfólios) e temática, respectivamente. Consideraram-se as competências Aprender a ser e Aprender a conviver e a trabalhar juntos, segundo as proposições do informe da Unesco para Educação. A formação de indivíduos críticos-reflexivos, proporcionada pelo portfólio, foi especialmente verificada quando os estudantes relataram a transformação da visão negativa que tinham sobre o sistema de saúde - uma política ineficiente e precária - para uma visão positiva - uma política que tem como princípios a equidade, a integralidade e a universalidade. Esse processo de transformação crítica foi decorrente do exercício das habilidades de comunicação, gestão da informação (busca, seleção, análises e avaliação das informações), liderança, cooperação e relações humanas (trabalho em equipe, ética e reconhecimento da diversidade), além de competências pessoais (gestão do tempo, responsabilidade e planejamento), habilidades estas importantes na formação de profissionais comprometidos com a política nacional de saúde.

This article seeks to analyze the experience of collective construction of portfolios as a teaching-learning method in the discipline of Health Policy, identifying the competencies developed by students. Qualitative research, whose collection and data processing were conducted by means of documental and thematic analysis of 34 portfolios. The "Learning to be" and "Learning to live and work together" competencies were considered according to the proposals of the UNESCO report for Education. The training of critical-reflexive individuals, provided by the portfolio, was particularly observed when students reported the transformation of the negative views that they had about the health care system - an inefficient and precarious policy - to a positive vision - policy which deals with the principles of equity, integrity and universality. This process of critical transformation is the result of the practice and use of communication skills, information management (search, selection, analysis and evaluation of information), leadership, cooperation and human relationships (teamwork, ethics and recognition of diversity), and personal competencies (time management, responsibility and planning), namely important skills in the training of professionals committed to the national health policy.

Portfólios reflexivos: construindo competências para o trabalho no sistema único de saúde / Learning portfolios as a tool for reflection: building competencies for work in the unified health system

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a experiência inovadora de educação por competências através de portfólios para a formação de profissionais que atuarão no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) no Brasil. MÉTODOS: Utilizou-se a pesquisa qualitativa como modelo de abordagem. Realizou-se a anßlise documental de 25 portfólios produzidos nos anos de 2008, 2009 e 2010 na disciplina de Políticas de Saúde na Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brasil, com o objetivo de verificar se esse método permitiu a aquisição das competências de aprender a ser (atuar com autonomia, juízo, responsabilidade pessoal); aprender a conhecer (assimilar conhecimentos científicos e culturais gerais e específicos, que se completarão e atualizarão ao longo da vida); aprender a fazer (adquirir procedimentos que ajudem a enfrentar dificuldades na vida e na profissão); e aprender a conviver e a trabalhar com outros (compreender melhor os demais, o mundo e suas inter-relações). RESULTADOS: Observou-se um envolvimento com as atividades propostas, destacando-se a gestão da informação (busca ativa, seleção, anßlises críticas, resenhas, sínteses e avaliação da informação). Houve uma gradativa abertura ao pensamento crítico, integrando novas dimensões à visão inicial dos estudantes sobre o SUS, que passou do foco na doença e na cura para um foco em saúde e prevenção, e de uma visão do SUS como modelo teórico para a visão de um projeto possível e em construção. CONCLUSÕES: O uso dos portfólios possibilitou a formação de profissionais de saúde-cidadãos, com ênfase acadêmica, pedagógica e prßtica. Isso indica que a universidade e o docente podem orientar-se ao desenvolvimento da capacidade de decisão e pensamento reflexivo dos estudantes.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the innovative experience of competency education through reflective portfolios for the training of professionals who will work in the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS). METHODS: A qualitative research approach was employed. Documentary analysis was carried out covering 25 portfolios produced in the years 2008, 2009, and 2010 in the health policy course at the Federal University of Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil, in order to verify if this method allowed the acquisition of the competencies: learning to be (acting with autonomy, good judgment, personal responsibility); learning to know (assimilating general and specific scientific and cultural knowledge, which will be complemented and updated in the course of life); learning to do (acquiring procedures that will be useful for facing life and work difficulties); and learning to live and work together (better understanding of others, the world, and their inter-relationships). RESULTS: Students became involved with the proposed activities, especially the management of information (active search, selection, critical analyses, reviews, syntheses, and evaluation of information). There was a gradual opening to critical thinking, integrating new dimensions to the initial vision held by students on the SUS, which moved from a focus on disease and healing to a focus on health and prevention, and from a vision of SUS as a theoretical model towards a view of SUS as a feasible project that is under construction. CONCLUSIONS: The use of portfolios has enabled the education of citizen-health professionals, with academic, pedagogical, and practical emphasis. This indicates that universities and teachers can turn to the development of decision-making capacities and reflective thinking by students.